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Sunday, January 18, 2015

REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT AND INDIRECT


REPORTED SPEECH
Direct and indirect
(kalimat langsung langsung dan tidak langsung)
Direct speech (kalimat langsung) adalah kata-kata (kalimat)yang diucapkan langsung dari pembicara.
Kalimat-kalimat langsung (direct speech) dapat diceritakan kembali dengan cara lain tanpa mengubah arti dan mengulangi pembicaraan pada waktu yang berbeda. Itulah yang disebut indirect speech (kalimat tak langsung).
Aturan Dalam Membuat Kalimat Tidak Langsung.
A.    PRESENT

DIRECT                                                                 INDIRECT
a.    Simple Present Tense
Do/does
a.    Simple Past Tense
Did
b.    Present Continuous Tense
Is/am/are
b.    Past Continuous Tense
Was / were
c.    Present Perfect Tense
Have / has
c.    Past Perfect Tense
Had
d.   Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Has / have + been
d.   Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Had + been


B.     PAST
DIRECT
INDIRECT
a.     Simple Past Tense
Did
a.       Past Perfect Tense
Had
b.     Past Continuous Tense 
Was/ were
b.   Past Perfect Continuous Tense
had been
c.     Past Perfect Tense
Had
a.       Past Perfect Tense
had
d.    Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Had been
d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
had been

C.    FUTURE  
Direct
Indirect
a. simple future tense
shall / will
a. simple past future tense
     should/would
b. future continuous tense
     shall / will + be
b. past future continuous tense
   should / would + be
c. future perfect tense
    shall/will have
c. past future perfect tense
    should / would + have
d. future continuous tense
   shall/will have + been
d. past future perfect continuous tense
    should / would + have been
D. PAST FUTURE
Direct
Indirect
a. simple past future tense
should/would
 a. past future perfect tense
    should / would + have
b. past future continuous tense
   should / would + be
b. past future perfect continuous tense
    should / would + have been
c. past future perfect tense
    should / would + have
c. past future perfect tense
    should / would + have
d. past future perfect continuous tense
   shall/will have + been
d. past future perfect continuous tense
   shall/will have + been
E. MODAL
Direct
Indirect
a. can
a. Could
b. may
b. might
c. must
c. had to
d. have to / has to
d. had to
e. could
e. could have
f. might
f. might have
g. had to
g. had to have


Catatan :
Di dalam bentuk Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) akan berubah sesuai dengan aturan-aturan tersebut apabila kalimat induk kalimat langsung berbentuk Past.
Jika induk kalimat langsung tidak berbentuk Past tetapi berbentuk (Simple Present, Present Perfect, Future), maka kalimat Indirect Speech (kalimat tidak langsung) tenses-nya tidak mengalami perubahan (tenses-nya tetap).
Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat
DIRECT
INDIRECT
1.      Now
1.         Then
2.      yesterday
2.         the day before / the previous day
3.      last week
3.         the week before
4.      last Sunday
4.         the Sunday before
5.      two days ago
5.         two days before
6.      five years ago
6.         five years before
7.      today
7.         that day
8.      tomorrow
8.         the following day / the next day
9.      next month
9.         the following month
10.  next week / year
10.     the following week / year
11.  the day after tomorrow
11.     in two days time
12.  here
12.     there
13.  this
13.     that
14.  these
14.     those

Catatan :
Keterangan waktu akan berubah sesuai aturan-aturan di atas apabila induk kalimat dalam kalimat langsungnya berbentuk past dan sebaliknya, apabila btidak berbentuk Past maka keterangan waktu tidak mengalami perubahan (tetap).

A.  STATEMENT
Dibagi menjadi 2 :
a.    Positive Statement
b.    Negative Statement

a.    Positive Statement : menggunakan kata hubung “THAT” yang berarti “bahwa”.
1.    Nominal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He says to me, “I am hungry”.
                                  I   : He says to me that he is hungry.
                                  D : He said to me, “I am hungry”.
                                  I   : He said to me that he was hungry.
2.    Verbal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He tells her, “You ask me”.
                                  I  :  He tells her that she asks him.
                                  D : He told her, “You ask me”.         
                                  I   : He told her that she asked him.
b.    Negative Statement : menggunakan kata hubung “THAT” yang berarti “bahwa”
1.    Nominal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He says to me, “I am not hungry”.
                           I   : He says to me that he is not hungry.
                           D : He said to me, “I am not hungry”.
                           I   : He said to me that he was not hungry.
2.    Verbal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He tells her, “You don’t ask me”.
                           I  : He tells her that she doesn’t ask him.
               D : He told her, “You don’t ask me”.
                           I   : He told her that she didn’t ask him.

B.  QUESTION
Dibagi menjadi 2 :
a.    Question (Aux. / To be).
b.    Question Word.

a.    Question (Aux. / To be).
Kalimat interrogative : menggunakan kata hubung “IF / WHETHER” yang berarti “Apakah / Apabila”
1.    Nominal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He asks her, “Are you a student ? ”
                                  I   : He asks her if she is a student.
                                  D : He asked her, “Are you a student ? ”
                                  I   : He asked her if she was a student.
2.    Verbal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He asks her, “Do you borrow my pen ?”
                                  I   : He asks her if she borrows his pen.
                                  D : He asked her, “Do you borrow my pen ?”
                                  I   : He asked her whether she borrowed his pen.
Negative Interrogative : menggunkan kat hubung “IF / WHETHER”
1.    Nominal Sentence
Contoh :        D : He asks her, “Aren’t you a student ? ”
          I   : He asks her if she is not a student.
          D : He asked her, “Aren’t you a student ? ”
          I   : He asked her if she was not a student.
2.    Verbal Sentence.
Contoh :        D : He asked her, “Don’t you borrow my pen ?”
          I   : He asked her whether she didn’t borrow his pen.
                                  atau
                                  if she borrowed his pen or not.
                                  atau
                                  if or not she borrowed his pen.
b.    Question Word : tidak perlu menambahkan kata hubung lagi dalam kalimat tak langsungnya melainkan kata tanya itu sendiri yang berfungsi sebagai kata hubung. Dan setelah kata tanya, kalimat menjadi bentuk kalimat berita.
Contoh :
D
:
He asks her, “How are you ?”

I
:
He asks her how she is.

D
:
He asked her, “How are you ?”

I
:
He asked her how she was.

D
:
He asked her, “What do you read ?”

I
:
He asked her what  she read.

D
:
He asks her, “What do you read ?”

I
:
He asks her what she reads.

Indirect Speech Imperative / Request (Perintah/Permohonan).
a.    Positive Imperative
b.    Negative Imperative

a.    Positive Imperative: menggunakan “TO” sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat tidak langsung.
Contoh :
D
:
She told me, “be patient, please !”

I
:
She told me to be patient.

D
:
She told me, “read the book !”

I
:
She told me to read the book.

b.    Negative Imperative : menggunakan “NOT TO” sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat tidak langsung.
Contoh :
D
:
She told me, “Don’t be angry !”

I
:
She told me not to be angry.

D
:
She told me, “Don’t ask me !”

I
:
She told me not to ask her.

Menggunakan Let’s
Let’s biasanya menyatakan suatu ajakan dan kemudian menjadi suatu saran dalam indirect speech.
Contoh :
D
:
She said, “Let’s do it well !”

I
:
She suggested doing it well, atau



She suggested that they / we should do it well.

D
:
She said, “Let’s stop now !”

I
:
She suggested stopping then, atau



She suggested that they / we should stop then.

Exclamation
Exclamation (seruan, heran, kagum, dan sebagainya) harus menjadi suatu pernyataan dalam indirect speech.
Contoh :
D
:
She said, “What a clever student he is !”

I
:
She said that he was a clever student.

D
:
She said, “How clever he is !”

I
:
She said that he was clever.

Beberapa Pengecualian
D
:
She said, “Thank you !”
I
:
She thanked me.
D
:
She said, “Congratulation !”
I
:
She congratulated me.
D
:
She said, “Good morning !”
I
:
She greeted me / wished me a good morning.

Yang perlu diperhatikan

MUST

Direct
dalam bentuk Future
Indirect
Must

Would have to

D : He told me, “You must visit me tomorrow “
I   : He told me that I would have to visit him the following day.

MUST

Direct
larangan / hukuman
Indirect
Mustn’t

Mustn’t / Wasn’t to

D: He told me, “You mustn’t sleep in the class “
I  : He told me that T wasn’t to sleep in the class.

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