REPORTED SPEECH
Direct and indirect
(kalimat langsung langsung dan tidak langsung)
Direct speech (kalimat langsung) adalah kata-kata (kalimat)yang
diucapkan langsung dari pembicara.
Kalimat-kalimat langsung (direct speech) dapat diceritakan kembali
dengan cara lain tanpa mengubah arti dan mengulangi pembicaraan pada waktu yang
berbeda. Itulah yang disebut indirect speech (kalimat tak langsung).
Aturan Dalam Membuat Kalimat Tidak Langsung.
A.
PRESENT
DIRECT
INDIRECT
a. Simple Present Tense
Do/does
|
a. Simple Past Tense
Did
|
b. Present Continuous Tense
Is/am/are
|
b. Past Continuous Tense
Was / were
|
c. Present Perfect Tense
Have / has
|
c. Past Perfect Tense
Had
|
d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Has / have +
been
|
d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Had + been
|
B.
PAST
DIRECT
|
INDIRECT
|
a.
Simple Past
Tense
Did
|
a.
Past Perfect
Tense
Had
|
b.
Past Continuous
Tense
Was/
were
|
b. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
had
been
|
c.
Past Perfect
Tense
Had
|
a.
Past Perfect
Tense
had
|
d.
Past Perfect
Continuous Tense
Had been
|
d.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
had
been
|
C.
FUTURE
Direct
|
Indirect
|
a. simple
future tense
shall
/ will
|
a. simple
past future tense
should/would
|
b. future
continuous tense
shall / will + be
|
b. past
future continuous tense
should / would + be
|
c. future
perfect tense
shall/will have
|
c. past
future perfect tense
should / would + have
|
d. future
continuous tense
shall/will have + been
|
d. past
future perfect continuous tense
should / would + have been
|
D. PAST FUTURE
Direct
|
Indirect
|
a. simple past future tense
should/would
|
a. past future perfect tense
should / would + have
|
b. past
future continuous tense
should / would + be
|
b. past
future perfect continuous tense
should / would + have been
|
c. past
future perfect tense
should / would + have
|
c. past
future perfect tense
should / would + have
|
d. past
future perfect continuous tense
shall/will have + been
|
d. past
future perfect continuous tense
shall/will have + been
|
E. MODAL
Direct
|
Indirect
|
a.
can
|
a. Could
|
b. may
|
b. might
|
c. must
|
c. had to
|
d. have to /
has to
|
d. had to
|
e. could
|
e. could have
|
f. might
|
f. might have
|
g. had to
|
g. had to
have
|
Catatan
:
Di dalam bentuk Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) akan berubah
sesuai dengan aturan-aturan tersebut apabila kalimat induk kalimat langsung berbentuk
Past.
Jika induk kalimat langsung tidak berbentuk Past tetapi berbentuk
(Simple Present, Present Perfect, Future), maka kalimat Indirect Speech
(kalimat tidak langsung) tenses-nya tidak mengalami perubahan (tenses-nya
tetap).
Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat
DIRECT
|
INDIRECT
|
1.
Now
|
1.
Then
|
2.
yesterday
|
2.
the day before
/ the previous day
|
3.
last week
|
3.
the week
before
|
4.
last Sunday
|
4.
the Sunday
before
|
5.
two days ago
|
5.
two days
before
|
6.
five years
ago
|
6.
five years
before
|
7.
today
|
7.
that day
|
8.
tomorrow
|
8.
the following
day / the next day
|
9.
next month
|
9.
the following
month
|
10. next week / year
|
10.
the following
week / year
|
11. the day after tomorrow
|
11.
in two days
time
|
12. here
|
12.
there
|
13. this
|
13.
that
|
14. these
|
14.
those
|
Catatan :
Keterangan waktu akan berubah sesuai aturan-aturan di atas apabila
induk kalimat dalam kalimat langsungnya berbentuk past dan sebaliknya, apabila
btidak berbentuk Past maka keterangan waktu tidak mengalami perubahan (tetap).
A. STATEMENT
Dibagi
menjadi 2 :
a.
Positive
Statement
b.
Negative
Statement
a.
Positive
Statement : menggunakan kata hubung “THAT” yang berarti “bahwa”.
1.
Nominal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He says to me, “I am hungry”.
I : He says to me that he is hungry.
D : He said to
me, “I am hungry”.
I : He said to me that he was hungry.
2.
Verbal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He tells her, “You ask me”.
I : He
tells her that she asks him.
D
: He told her, “You ask me”.
I : He told her that she asked him.
b.
Negative
Statement : menggunakan kata hubung “THAT” yang berarti “bahwa”
1.
Nominal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He says to me, “I am not
hungry”.
I : He says to me that he is not hungry.
D : He said to me, “I
am not hungry”.
I : He said to me that he was not hungry.
2.
Verbal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He tells her, “You don’t ask
me”.
I : He tells her that she doesn’t ask him.
D : He told
her, “You don’t ask me”.
I : He told her that she didn’t ask him.
B. QUESTION
Dibagi
menjadi 2 :
a.
Question
(Aux. / To be).
b.
Question
Word.
a.
Question
(Aux. / To be).
Kalimat
interrogative : menggunakan kata hubung “IF / WHETHER” yang berarti “Apakah /
Apabila”
1.
Nominal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He asks her, “Are you a
student ? ”
I : He asks her if she is a student.
D : He asked
her, “Are you a student ? ”
I : He asked her if she was a student.
2.
Verbal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He asks her, “Do you borrow
my pen ?”
I : He asks her if she borrows his pen.
D : He asked
her, “Do you borrow my pen ?”
I : He asked her whether she borrowed his pen.
Negative
Interrogative : menggunkan kat hubung “IF / WHETHER”
1.
Nominal
Sentence
Contoh
: D : He asks her, “Aren’t you a
student ? ”
I
: He asks her if she is not a student.
D : He asked her, “Aren’t you a
student ? ”
I
: He asked her if she was not a student.
2.
Verbal
Sentence.
Contoh
: D : He asked her, “Don’t you
borrow my pen ?”
I
: He asked her whether she didn’t borrow his pen.
atau
if she
borrowed his pen or not.
atau
if or not she
borrowed his pen.
b.
Question
Word : tidak perlu menambahkan kata hubung lagi dalam kalimat tak langsungnya
melainkan kata tanya itu sendiri yang berfungsi sebagai kata hubung. Dan setelah
kata tanya, kalimat menjadi bentuk kalimat berita.
Contoh
:
|
D
|
:
|
He
asks her, “How are you ?”
|
|
I
|
:
|
He
asks her how she is.
|
|
D
|
:
|
He
asked her, “How are you ?”
|
|
I
|
:
|
He
asked her how she was.
|
|
D
|
:
|
He
asked her, “What do you read ?”
|
|
I
|
:
|
He
asked her what she read.
|
|
D
|
:
|
He
asks her, “What do you read ?”
|
|
I
|
:
|
He
asks her what she reads.
|
Indirect
Speech Imperative / Request (Perintah/Permohonan).
a.
Positive
Imperative
b.
Negative
Imperative
a.
Positive
Imperative: menggunakan “TO” sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat tidak langsung.
Contoh
:
|
D
|
:
|
She
told me, “be patient, please !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
told me to be patient.
|
|
D
|
:
|
She
told me, “read the book !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
told me to read the book.
|
b.
Negative
Imperative : menggunakan “NOT TO” sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat tidak
langsung.
Contoh
:
|
D
|
:
|
She
told me, “Don’t be angry !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
told me not to be angry.
|
|
D
|
:
|
She
told me, “Don’t ask me !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
told me not to ask her.
|
Menggunakan
Let’s
Let’s
biasanya menyatakan suatu ajakan dan kemudian menjadi suatu saran dalam
indirect speech.
Contoh
:
|
D
|
:
|
She
said, “Let’s do it well !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
suggested doing it well, atau
|
|
|
|
She
suggested that they / we should do it well.
|
|
D
|
:
|
She
said, “Let’s stop now !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
suggested stopping then, atau
|
|
|
|
She
suggested that they / we should stop then.
|
Exclamation
Exclamation
(seruan, heran, kagum, dan sebagainya) harus menjadi suatu pernyataan dalam
indirect speech.
Contoh
:
|
D
|
:
|
She
said, “What a clever student he is !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
said that he was a clever student.
|
|
D
|
:
|
She
said, “How clever he is !”
|
|
I
|
:
|
She
said that he was clever.
|
Beberapa
Pengecualian
D
|
:
|
She
said, “Thank you !”
|
I
|
:
|
She
thanked me.
|
D
|
:
|
She
said, “Congratulation !”
|
I
|
:
|
She
congratulated me.
|
D
|
:
|
She
said, “Good morning !”
|
I
|
:
|
She
greeted me / wished me a good morning.
|
Yang
perlu diperhatikan
MUST
Direct
|
dalam bentuk Future
|
Indirect
|
Must
|
|
Would have to
|
D :
He told me, “You must visit me tomorrow “
I : He told me that I would have to visit him
the following day.
MUST
Direct
|
larangan / hukuman
|
Indirect
|
Mustn’t
|
|
Mustn’t / Wasn’t to
|
D:
He told me, “You mustn’t sleep in the class “
I : He told me that T wasn’t to sleep in the
class.
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